Axioms of Functional Dependencies in DBMS The Axioms of Functional Dependencies (also known as Armstrong’s Axioms) are a set of rules used to infer all possible functional dependencies from a given set of FDs. These axioms are sound (valid) and …
Solved Problems on Keys and Super Keys Introduction Understanding keys and super keys is essential for mastering Database Management Systems (DBMS). These solved problems will help you grasp how to calculate the number of super keys in different scenarios, …
Integrity Constraints in DBMS Introduction Integrity constraints are essential rules applied to database tables to ensure data accuracy, consistency, and validity. They prevent invalid operations that could corrupt the database or violate logical rules, making them a cornerstone of …
Why Not Simply Use Files? Introduction File systems are often the first choice for storing data when learning basic programming. Languages like C, C++, Python, and Java offer robust file-handling functionalities with commands like fopen, fprintf, and fscanf. However, …
Why Are Databases Important? Databases are indispensable in today’s professional world. They rank second only to programming as a critical skill for software engineers. Whether you are managing customer data, processing orders, or analyzing trends, databases are at the core …
